actionsociale aspectsocial citizenparticipation civilrights comportementspatial cross-culturalstudies emigrationandimmigration france governmentpolicy immigrants immigrés mouvementssociaux municipalgovernment netherlands participationdescitoyens pays-bas politicalaspects politiquepublique politiqueurbaine socialaction socialaspects socialmovements spatialbehavior unitedstates émigrationetimmigration états-unis étudestransculturelles