20thcentury accents alphabet archives catalogs chineseinfluences christianity christianityandotherreligions civilisation civilization consonants curaçao diacriticalmarking englishsecondlanguage errorpatterns ethnicrelations foreigninfluences foreignnationals gemeentearchieven guidesclassroomlearner hasidism hebrew hebrewlanguage history identity immigrants influenceétrangère interculturalcommunication internationalrelations israel jewish jewishwayoflife jews jiddischehandschriften joden judaism killes liturgicalobjects manuscripts medieval mezuzah middleages migrations netherlands netherlandsantilles northamericanenglish phonology politicsandgovernment pronunciation relations religiousaspects scribes secondlanguagelearning sephardim sociallifeandcustoms tefillin torahscrolls uncommonlytaughtlanguages vowels yiddish yiddishlanguage zionism