1623-1662 17thcentury 1801-1890 anglicancommunion apologetics beliefanddoubt biography blaise cardinals catholicchurch certainty christianityandotherreligions churchandstate doctrinal doctrines doctrinescatholicchurch doctrineschurchofengland earlyworksto1800 england faithandreason frenchliterature greatbritain hermeneutics history historyandcriticism johnhenry metaphysics newman oxfordmovement pascal pastorallettersandchargescatholicchurch religion theology vaticancouncil(2nd:1962-1965:basilicadisanpietroinvaticano)