1875-1955 20thcentury africanamericanbusinesspeople africanamericans africanamericanwomen africanamericanwomenastronauts africanamericanwomendancers africanamericanwomenphysicians africanamericanwomenpoliticalactivists africanamericanwomensocialreformers appellatecourts attitudes bethune biography casestudies chicago civillaw civilrights discriminationinemployment etc florida history hutchens illinois joyce lawandlegislation laws legalstatus marymcleod politicalactivity politicsandgovernment prejudices proserepresentation schoolprincipals unitedstates womenastronauts