1910-1985 africanamericanphysicians africanamericans autobiography biography blood bloodbanks cardiovascularsurgicalprocedures cardiovascularsystem civilwarperiod(1850-1877) collectionandpreservation general history inventions juvenileliterature juvenilenonfiction maryland medical medicalcare medicine military neurosurgeons operatingroomtechnicians physicians presidentialcandidates science surgeons surgery technology thomas unitedstates vivient