1837-1923 1863-1877 1865-1877) 1913- 1920-2000 1939-1945 1944 1950-1953 1961-1975 19thcentury 20thcentury africanamerican africanamericanparticipation africanamericans africanamericansoldiers american armedforces civilrights deepdiving diaries divers dunn elmor emancipation gould gouldfamily history jamesa juvenileliterature koreakrieg koreanwar koreanwar(1950-1953)fast(ocolc)fst00988609 marine mason(destroyerescort) militaryparticipation navaloperations participation pensions pettyofficers portchicago portchicagomutiny portchicagomutinytrial protestmovements racediscrimination racerelations racism relationswithafricanamericansailorszumwalt sailors sanfrancisco slavery slaves socialconditions sources unitedstates vietnamwar williambenjamin worldwar