18thcentury 1999a-406 2003o-375 20thcentury administration airpollution amateurism biomedicalresearch citizenparticipation civilization communityparticipation congresses counter-reformation etc ethics finance germany greatbritain guidebooks handbooks health healthplanning healthpolicy healthpriorities history historydeutscheakademiedernaturforscherleopoldina historyinstituteforadvancedstudy(princeton historymassachusettsinstituteoftechnology informationstorageandretrieval informationsystems interdisciplinaryresearch investments italy leadership learnedinstitutionsandsocieties learningandscholarship manuals massachusetts medical medicalpolicy medicine naturalhistory newjersey organization organizationandadministration particlephysicsandastronomyresearchcouncil(greatbritain) pharmaceuticalethics pharmaceuticalpreparations pharmacology pharmacy presidentsdeutscheakademiedernaturforscherleopoldina princeton publicexpenditures publicpolicy qv24 reference research researchinstitutes researchsupportastopic science scienceandstate scientific scientists societies southernstates technology technologyandstate transportation trends unitedstates universitiesandcolleges vehicleemissions wa24n273s1998