1096-1800 18thcentury 1933-1945 19thcentury 20thcentury antisemitism austria central christianity christianityandotherreligions civilization correspondencesteinheim culturalassimilation ethnicrelations europe germany haskalah historiography history intellectuallife jewishinfluences jews jewsinpubliclife johanna judaism liberalism modern politicalparties politicsandgovernment pulzer relations religion salomonludwig socialconditions sources subculture worldhistory